WritingLaw (Page 254)

55. Character as affecting damages. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive is relevant.  Explanation- In Section 52, 53, 54 and 55, the word “character” includes both reputation and disposition; but exceptRead…

56. Fact Judicially noticeable need not be proved. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved. Comments: Judicial Notice of fact that many blind persons have acquired great academic distinctions can be taken by court. Related Case- Jai Shankar Prasad v. State of Bihar, 1993 ReadRead…

57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts- 1- All laws in force in the territory of India. 2- All public Acts passed or hereafter to be passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, and all local and personal Acts directedRead…

58. Facts admitted need not be proved. No fact need to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleadingRead…

59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. All facts, except the contents of documents or electronic records may be proved by oral evidence. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.Read…

60. Oral evidence must be direct. Oral evidence must, in all cases whatever, be direct; that is to say- If it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says who says he saw it; If it refers to a fact whichRead…

61. Proof of contents of documents. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence. Comment: (a) A man may lie but a document will never lie. Related Case- Afzauddin Ansari v. State of West Bengal, 1997 (b) Admission of a document amounts to admission ofRead…

62. Primary evidence. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court. Explanation 1- Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document.  Where a document is executed in counterparts, each counterpart being executed by one or some ofRead…

63. Secondary Evidence. Secondary evidence means and includes- 1. Certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained. 2. Copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves insure the accuracy of the copy and copies compared with such copies. 3. Copies made from or compared with the original.Read…

64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.Read…

65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition or contents of a document in the following cases- (a) When the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power– of the person against whomRead…

65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. The contents of electronic records may be proved in accordance with the provisions of section 65B. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.Read…

65B. Admissibility of electronic records. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any information contained in an electronic record which is printed on a paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to beRead…

66. Rules as to notice to produce. Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in Section 65, Clause (a), shall not be given unless the party proposing to give such secondary evidence has previously given to the party in whose possession or power the document is, orRead…

67. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced. If a document is alleged to be signed or to have been written wholly or in part by any person, the signature or the handwriting of so much of the document as is allegedRead…

67A. Proof as to electronic signature. Except in the case of a secure electronic signature, if the electronic signature of any subscriber is alleged to have been affixed to an electronic record the fact that such electronic signature is the electronic signature of the subscriber must be proved. Read IndianRead…