Indian Constitution

334A. Reservation of seats for women take effect. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoingRead More →

332A. Reservation of seats for women in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1)Read More →

330A. Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1) SeatsRead More →

366. Definitions. In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say-Read More →

342A. Socially and educationally backward classes. (Added by 102nd amendment in 2018) Here is the full 102nd Amendment Act PDF. Please give it a look. (1)Read More →

338B. National Commission for Backward Classes. (This section has been added by 102nd amendment in 2018). Here is the full 102nd Amendment Act PDF. (83KB)Read More →

102. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament- (a)Read More →

191. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or LegislativeRead More →

331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of the People. Notwithstanding anything in article 81, the President may, if he is of opinionRead More →

248. Residuary powers of legislation. (1) Subject to article 246A*, Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumeratedRead More →

161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. The Governor of a State shall haveRead More →

Article 72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.  (1) The President shall have theRead More →

334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period Old Heading: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy yearsRead More →

PART I THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY 1. Name and territory of the Union. (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.Read More →

2. Admission or establishment of new States. Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions asRead More →

2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union. Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975) Read Constitution of India inRead More →

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing  States. Parliament may by law- (a) form a new State byRead More →

4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters. (1)Read More →

PART II CITIZENSHIP 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in theRead More →

6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated toRead More →

7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, a person who has after the first day ofRead More →

8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or either of whoseRead More →

9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of articleRead More →

10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship. Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoingRead More →

11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power of ParliamentRead More →

PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  General  12. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India andRead More →

13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. (1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencementRead More →

Right to Equality 14. Equality before law. The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of theRead More →

15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen onRead More →

16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment orRead More →

17. Abolition of Untouchability. “Untouchability’’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shallRead More →

18. Abolition of titles. (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of IndiaRead More →

Right to Freedom 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. (1) All citizens shall have the right- (a) to freedom of speechRead More →

Article 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences. (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law inRead More →

Article 21. Protection of life and personal liberty. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established byRead More →

21A. Right to education. The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in suchRead More →

22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soonRead More →

Right against Exploitation 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms ofRead More →

24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factoryRead More →

Right to Freedom of Religion 25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. (1) Subject to public order, morality and healthRead More →

26. Freedom to manage religious affairs. Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right- (a)Read More →

27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds ofRead More →

28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educationalRead More →

Cultural and Educational Rights 29. Protection of interests of minorities. (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any partRead More →

30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establishRead More →

31. Compulsory acquisition of property. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty- fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979) Read Constitution of India in a systematicRead More →

Saving of Certain Laws 31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for-Read More →

31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and RegulationsRead More →

31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles. Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the StateRead More →

31D. Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s.2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematicRead More →

Right to Constitutional Remedies 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedingsRead More →

32A. Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 3Read More →

33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. Parliament may, by law, determine to whatRead More →

34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of thisRead More →

35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of aRead More →

PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY   36. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, ‘‘the State’’ has the same meaning asRead More →

37. Application of the principles contained in this Part. The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principlesRead More →

38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. (1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare ofRead More →

39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing- (a) that the citizens,Read More →

39A. Equal justice and free legal aid. The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, andRead More →

40. Organisation of village panchayats. The State shall take steps to organise village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may beRead More →

41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development,Read More →

42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of workRead More →

43. Living wage, etc, for workers. The State shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to allRead More →

43A. Participation of workers in management of industries. The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participationRead More →

Article 43B. Promotion of co-operative societies. The State shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. [ArticleRead More →

44. Uniform civil code for the citizens. The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.Read More →

45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children. The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement ofRead More →

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. The State shall promote with special care the educationalRead More →

47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. The State shall regardRead More →

48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular,Read More →

48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life. The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and toRead More →

49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or placeRead More →

50. Separation of judiciary from executive. The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.Read More →

51. Promotion of international peace and security. The State shall endeavour to- (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations betweenRead More →

PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES 51A. Fundamental duties. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India– (a) to abide by the Constitution and respectRead More →

PART V THE UNION CHAPTER I – THE EXECUTIVE The President and Vice-President  52. The President of India. There shall be a President of India.Read More →

53. Executive power of the Union. (1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by himRead More →

54. Election of President. The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of- (a) the elected members of both HousesRead More →

55. Manner of election of President. (1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States atRead More →

56. Term of office of President. (1) The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he entersRead More →

57. Eligibility for re-election. A person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, beRead More →

58. Qualifications for election as President. (1) No person shall be eligible for election as President unless he- (a) is a citizen of India, (b)Read More →

59. Conditions of President’s office. (1) The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the LegislatureRead More →

60. Oath or affirmation by the President. Every President and every person acting as President or discharging the functions of the President shall, before enteringRead More →

61. Procedure for impeachment of the President. (1) When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be preferredRead More →

62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.Read More →

63. The Vice-President of India. There shall be a Vice-President of India.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read More →

64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. The Vice- President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council ofRead More →

65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.  (1)Read More →

66. Election of Vice-President. (1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses ofRead More →

67. Term of office of Vice-President. The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters uponRead More →

68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.Read More →

69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. Every Vice-President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed inRead More →

70. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. Parliament may make such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of theRead More →

71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President. (1) All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connectionRead More →

73. Extent of executive power of the Union. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend- (a)Read More →

Council of Ministers 74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister atRead More →

75. Other provisions as to Ministers. (1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by theRead More →

The Attorney-General for India 76. Attorney-General for India. (1) The President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of theRead More →

Conduct of Government Business  77. Conduct of business of the Government of India. (1) All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressedRead More →

78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister- (a)Read More →

CHAPTER II – PARLIAMENT General  79. Constitution of Parliament. There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and twoRead More →

80. Composition of the Council of States. (1) The Council of States shall consist of- (a) twelve members to be nominated by the President inRead More →

81. Composition of the House of the People. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 331, the House of the People shall consist of- (a)Read More →

82. Readjustment after each census. Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States andRead More →

83. Duration of Houses of Parliament. (1) The Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of theRead More →

84. Qualification for membership of Parliament. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he- (a) isRead More →

85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. (1) The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such timeRead More →

86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. (1) The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together,Read More →

87. Special address by the President. (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People andRead More →

88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses. Every Minister and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherwiseRead More →

Officers of Parliament  89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States. (1) The Vice-President of India shall be ex officio Chairman ofRead More →

90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman. A member holding office as Deputy Chairman of the Council of States-Read More →

91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. (1) While the officeRead More →

92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sittingRead More →

93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People. The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose twoRead More →

94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker ofRead More →

95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. (1) While theRead More →

96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sittingRead More →

97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. There shall be paid to the Chairman and theRead More →

98. Secretariat of Parliament. (1) Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed asRead More →

Conduct of Business  99. Oath or affirmation by members. Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe beforeRead More →

100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at anyRead More →

Disqualifications of Members  101. Vacation of seats. (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made byRead More →

103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament hasRead More →

104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified. If a person sitsRead More →

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members  105. Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.Read More →

106. Salaries and allowances of members. Members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from timeRead More →

Legislative Procedure  107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 109 and 117 with respect to MoneyRead More →

108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. (1) If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the otherRead More →

109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States.  (2) After a MoneyRead More →

110. Definition of “Money Bills”. (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it containsRead More →

Article 111. Assent to Bills. When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and theRead More →

Procedure in Financial Matters  112. Annual financial statement. (1) The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both theRead More →

113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates. (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of IndiaRead More →

114. Appropriation Bills. (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have been made by the House of the People, thereRead More →

115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants. (1) The President shall- (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions ofRead More →

116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the PeopleRead More →

117. Special provisions as to financial Bills. (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f)Read More →

Procedure Generally  118. Rules of procedure. (1) Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedureRead More →

119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business,Read More →

120. Language to be used in Parliament. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shallRead More →

121.Restriction on discussion in Parliament. No discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court orRead More →

122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament. (1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on theRead More →

CHAPTER III – LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Article 123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament. (1) If at any time,Read More →

CHAPTER IV – THE UNION JUDICIARY 124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of aRead More →

124A. National Judicial Appointments Commission. (1) There shall be a Commission to be known as the National Judicial Appointments Commission consisting of the following, namely:-Read More →

124B. Functions of Commission. It shall be the duty of the National Judicial Appointments Commission to- (a) recommend persons for appointment as Chief Justice ofRead More →

124C. Power of Parliament to make law. Parliament may, by law, regulate the procedure for the appointment of Chief Justice of India and other JudgesRead More →

125. Salaries, etc, of Judges. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be determined by ParliamentRead More →

126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice. When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason ofRead More →

127. Appointment of ad hoc Judges. (1) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court availableRead More →

128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the National Judicial Appointments Commission* may at any time,Read More →

129. Supreme Court to be a court of record. The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers ofRead More →

130. Seat of Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of IndiaRead More →

131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court,Read More →

131A. Exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to questions as to constitutional validity of Central laws. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,Read More →

132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from anyRead More →

133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme CourtRead More →

134. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final orderRead More →

134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court. Every High Court, passing or making a judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to in clauseRead More →

135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, theRead More →

136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leaveRead More →

137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court. Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made underRead More →

138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. (1) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any ofRead More →

139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions,Read More →

139A. Transfer of certain cases. (1) Where cases involving the same or substantially the same questions of law are pending before the Supreme Court andRead More →

140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court. Parliament may by law make provision for conferring upon the Supreme Court such supplemental powers not inconsistent with anyRead More →

141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts. The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courtsRead More →

142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. (1) The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdictionRead More →

143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court. (1) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or factRead More →

144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court. All authorities, civil and judicial, in the territory of India shall actRead More →

144A. [Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of laws.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 5 (w.e.f.Read More →

145. Rules of Court, etc. (1) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the Supreme Court may from time to time, withRead More →

146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court. (1) Appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be made byRead More →

147. Interpretation. In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI, references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of thisRead More →

CHAPTER V – COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA 148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. (1) There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of India whoRead More →

149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to theRead More →

150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in suchRead More →

151. Audit reports. (1) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to theRead More →

PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER I – GENERAL 152. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include theRead More →

CHAPTER II – THE EXECUTIVE The Governor 153. Governors of States. There shall be a Governor for each State: Provided that nothing in this articleRead More →

154. Executive power of State. (1) The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him eitherRead More →

155. Appointment of Governor. The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Read Constitution ofRead More →

156. Term of office of Governor. (1) The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. (2) The Governor may, by writing underRead More →

157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor. No person shall be eligible for appointment as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has completedRead More →

158. Conditions of Governor’s office. (1) The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature ofRead More →

159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor. Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon his office, makeRead More →

160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies. The President may make such provision as he thinks fit for the discharge ofRead More →

162. Extent of executive power of State. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of a State shall extend to the mattersRead More →

Council of Ministers 163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister atRead More →

164. Other provisions as to Ministers. (1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by theRead More →

The Advocate-General for the State 165. Advocate-General for the State. (1) The Governor of each State shall appoint a person who is qualified to beRead More →

Conduct of Government Business 166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State. (1) All executive action of the Government of a State shallRead More →

167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc. It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of eachRead More →

General  168. Constitution of Legislatures in States. (1) For every State there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and- (a) inRead More →

169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of theRead More →

170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist of not moreRead More →

171. Composition of the Legislative Councils. (1) The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall notRead More →

172. Duration of State Legislatures. (1) Every Legislative Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date appointed forRead More →

173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature ofRead More →

174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution. (1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each House of theRead More →

175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. (1) The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or, in theRead More →

176. Special address by the Governor. (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at theRead More →

177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the right to speak in,Read More →

Officers of the State Legislature 178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Every Legislative Assembly of a State shall, as soon asRead More →

179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker ofRead More →

180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. (1) While theRead More →

181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sittingRead More →

182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council of every State having such Council shall, as soon as may be,Read More →

183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. A member holding office as Chairman or Deputy Chairman ofRead More →

184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. (1) While theRead More →

185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sittingRead More →

186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. There shall be paid to the Speaker and theRead More →

187. Secretariat of State Legislature. (1) The House or each House of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided thatRead More →

Conduct of Business 188. Oath or affirmation by members. Every member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State shall, before takingRead More →

189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at anyRead More →

Disqualifications of Members  190. Vacation of seats. (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of the Legislature of a State and provisionRead More →

192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the LegislatureRead More →

193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified. If a person sitsRead More →

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 194. Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committeesRead More →

195. Salaries and allowances of members. Members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salariesRead More →

Legislative Procedure  196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 198 and 207 with respect to MoneyRead More →

197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills. (1) If after a Bill has been passed by the LegislativeRead More →

198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council. (2) After a Money BillRead More →

199. Definition of “Money Bills”. (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it containsRead More →

200. Assent to Bills. When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State havingRead More →

201. Bills reserved for consideration. When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either thatRead More →

Procedure in Financial Matters 202. Annual financial statement. (1) The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the HouseRead More →

203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates. (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of aRead More →

204. Appropriation Bills. (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have been made by the Assembly, there shall be introducedRead More →

205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants. (1) The Governor shall- (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions ofRead More →

206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of aRead More →

207. Special provisions as to financial Bills. (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f)Read More →

Procedure Generally  208. Rules of procedure. (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions ofRead More →

209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. The Legislature of a State may, for theRead More →

210. Language to be used in the Legislature. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in theRead More →

211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of anyRead More →

212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature. (1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not beRead More →

CHAPTER IV – LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR 213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. (1) If at any time, exceptRead More →

CHAPTER V – THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES 214. High Courts for States. There shall be a High Court for each State. Read ConstitutionRead More →

215. High Courts to be courts of record. Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of suchRead More →

216. Constitution of High Courts. Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time toRead More →

217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed byRead More →

218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts. The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply inRead More →

219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts. Every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters uponRead More →

220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge. No person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent JudgeRead More →

221. Salaries, etc, of Judges. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by ParliamentRead More →

222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. (1) The President may, on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission referredRead More →

223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice. When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is,Read More →

224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges. (1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reasonRead More →

224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the National Judicial Appointments Commission on a reference made toRead More →

225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature madeRead More →

226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories inRead More →

226A. Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 226. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 8Read More →

227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court. (1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout theRead More →

228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court. If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involvesRead More →

228A. Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of State laws. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 10Read More →

229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts. (1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by theRead More →

230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or excludeRead More →

231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament mayRead More →

232. Article 232 omitted in 1956 Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read More →

CHAPTER VI – SUBORDINATE COURTS 233. Appointment of district judges. (1) Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges inRead More →

233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges. Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,- (a) (i) noRead More →

234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service. Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of aRead More →

235. Control over subordinate courts. The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leaveRead More →

236. Interpretation. In this Chapter- (a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant districtRead More →

237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates. The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoingRead More →

PART VII 238. REPEALED [The States in Part B of the First Schedule] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.Read More →

PART VIII THE UNION TERRITORIES 239. Administration of Union territories. (1) Save as otherwise provided by Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administeredRead More →

239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territoryRead More →

239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi. (1) As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory ofRead More →

239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied-Read More →

239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. (1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory ofRead More →

240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories. (1) The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government ofRead More →

241. High Courts for Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law constitute a High Court for a Union territory or declare any court in anyRead More →

242. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of IndiaRead More →

PART IX THE PANCHAYATS 243. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “district” means a district in a State; (b) “Gram Sabha”Read More →

243A. Gram Sabha. A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may,Read More →

243B. Constitution of Panchayats. (1) There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in accordance with the provisionsRead More →

243C. Composition of Panchayats. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect toRead More →

243D. Reservation of seats. (1) Seats shall be reserved for- (a) the Scheduled Castes; and (b) the Scheduled Tribes, in every Panchayat and the numberRead More →

243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc. (1) Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five yearsRead More →

243F. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat- (a) if heRead More →

243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the PanchayatsRead More →

243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats. The Legislature of a State may, by law,- (a) authorise a Panchayat to levy,Read More →

243-I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position. (1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year fromRead More →

243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by theRead More →

243L. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory,Read More →

243M. Part not to apply to certain areas. (1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), andRead More →

243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a StateRead More →

243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation ofRead More →

PART IXA THE MUNICIPALITIES 243P. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “Committee” means a Committee constituted under article 243S; (b) “district”Read More →

243Q. Constitution of Municipalities. (1) There shall be constituted in every State,- (a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever name called) for a transitional area, thatRead More →

243R. Composition of Municipalities. (1) Save as provided in clause (2), all the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by persons chosen by directRead More →

243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. (1) There shall be constituted Wards Committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial areaRead More →

243T. Reservation of seats. (1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality and the number of seatsRead More →

243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc. (1) Every Municipality, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five yearsRead More →

243V. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Municipality- (a) if heRead More →

243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow- (a)Read More →

243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities. The Legislature of a State may, by law,- (a) authorise a Municipality to levy,Read More →

243Y. Finance Commission. (1) The Finance Commission constituted under article 243-I shall also review the financial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to theRead More →

243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by theRead More →

243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities. (1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections toRead More →

243ZB. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory,Read More →

243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas. (1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), andRead More →

243ZD. Committee for district planning. (1) There shall be constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning Committee to consolidate the plansRead More →

243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning. (1) There shall be constituted in every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan forRead More →

243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Municipalities in force in a StateRead More →

243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation ofRead More →

PART IXB THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES 243ZH. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “authorised person” means a person referred to as in articleRead More →

243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies. Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect toRead More →

243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its office bearers. (1) The board shall consist of such number of directors as may beRead More →

243ZK. Election of members of board. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law made by the Legislature of a State, the election of a boardRead More →

243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, no board shallRead More →

243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accountsRead More →

243ZN. Convening of general body meetings. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions that the annual general body meeting of every co-operativeRead More →

243ZO. Right of a member to get information. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for access to every member of aRead More →

243ZP. Returns. Every co-operative society shall file returns, within six months of the close of every financial year, to the authority designated by the StateRead More →

243ZQ. Offences and penalties. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the offences relating to the co-operative societies and penaltiesRead More →

243ZR. Application to multi- State co-operative societies. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the multi-State co-operative societies subject to the modification that anyRead More →

243ZS. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory,Read More →

243ZT. Continuance of existing laws. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to co-operative societies in force in a State immediatelyRead More →

PART X THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS 244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and tribal areas. (1) The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply toRead More →

244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor. (1)Read More →

PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I – LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS Distribution of Legislative Powers 245. Extent of laws made by ParliamentRead More →

246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. (1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses (2) and (3), Parliament has exclusive powerRead More →

ARTICLE 246A OF CONSTITUTION. Special provision with respect to goods and services tax. [Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 2Read More →

247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament may by law provide for theRead More →

249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoingRead More →

250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. (1) NotwithstandingRead More →

251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. Nothing in articles 249 andRead More →

252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. (1) If itRead More →

253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, Parliament has power to make any law forRead More →

254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. (1) If any provision of a law made by theRead More →

255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only. No Act of Parliament or of the Legislature ofRead More →

CHAPTER II – ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS General 256. Obligation of States and the Union. The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as toRead More →

257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases. (1) The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impedeRead More →

257A. Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 33Read More →

258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc, on States in certain cases. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, with theRead More →

258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor of a State may, with the consentRead More →

259. Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. ReadRead More →

260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India. The Government of India may by agreement with the Government of any territory notRead More →

261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings. (1) Full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records andRead More →

Disputes relating to Waters 262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. (1) Parliament may by law provide for theRead More →

Co-ordination between States 263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council. If at any time it appears to the President that the public interests wouldRead More →

264. Interpretation. In this Part, “Finance Commission” means a Finance Commission constituted under article 280. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download ConstitutionRead More →

265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law. No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. Read ConstitutionRead More →

266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 267 and to the provisions ofRead More →

267. Contingency Fund. (1) Parliament may by law establish a Contingency Fund in the nature of an imprest to be entitled “the Contingency Fund ofRead More →

Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States 268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States. (1) Such stampRead More →

268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States. 268A Omitted in 2016 by 101st Amendment Act. ReadRead More →

269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. (1) Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods and taxes onRead More →

Article 269A of Constitution. Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of Inter-State trade or commerce. Inserted by 101st Amendment Act inRead More →

270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. (1) All taxes and duties referred to in the Union List, except the dutiesRead More →

271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union. Notwithstanding anything in articles 269 and 270, Parliament may at any time increaseRead More →

272. [Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States.] Rep. by the Constitution (EightiethRead More →

273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. (1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in eachRead More →

274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested. (1) No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies anyRead More →

275. Grants from the Union to certain States. (1) Such sums as Parliament may by law provide shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund ofRead More →

276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 246, no law of the Legislature of a State relating to taxesRead More →

277. Savings. Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, were being lawfully levied by the Government of anyRead More →

278. [Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard to certain financial matters.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,Read More →

279. Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. (1) In the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, “net proceeds” means in relation to any tax or duty theRead More →

279A. Goods and Services Tax Council. [1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 12 (w.e.f. 12-9-2016)] Here is theRead More →

280. Finance Commission. (1) The President shall, within two years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth yearRead More →

281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission. The President shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the provisions of this Constitution together withRead More →

Miscellaneous Financial Provisions 282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues. The Union or a State may make any grantsRead More →

283. Custody, etc, of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts. (1) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India andRead More →

284. Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. All moneys received by or deposited with- (a) any officer employedRead More →

285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. (1) The property of the Union shall, save in so far as Parliament may byRead More →

286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. (1) No law of a State shall impose, or authorise theRead More →

287. Exemption from taxes on electricity. Save in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise provide, no law of a State shall impose, orRead More →

288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases. (1) Save in so far as the President may byRead More →

289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation. (1) The property and income of a State shall be exempt from UnionRead More →

290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions. Where under the provisions of this Constitution the expenses of any court or Commission, or theRead More →

290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds. A sum of forty-six lakhs and fifty thousand rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of, theRead More →

291. [Privy purse sums of Rulers.] Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 197l, s. 2. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. DownloadRead More →

CHAPTER II – BORROWING 292. Borrowing by the Government of India. The executive power of the Union extends to borrowing upon the security of theRead More →

293. Borrowing by States. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory ofRead More →

CHAPTER III – PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS 294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. As from theRead More →

295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. (1) As from the commencement of this Constitution- (a) all property and assetsRead More →

296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia. Subject as hereinafter provided, any property in the territory of India which, if thisRead More →

297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union. (1) All lands,Read More →

298. Power to carry on trade, etc. The executive power of the Union and of each State shall extend to the carrying on of anyRead More →

299. Contracts. (1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union or of a State shall be expressed to beRead More →

300. Suits and proceedings. (1) The Government of India may sue or be sued by the name of the Union of India and the GovernmentRead More →

CHAPTER IV – RIGHT TO PROPERTY 300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law. No person shall be deprived ofRead More →

PART XIII TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA 301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse. Subject to the other provisions of thisRead More →

302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse. Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerceRead More →

303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 302,Read More →

304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States. Notwithstanding anything in article 301 or article 303, the Legislature of a State may by law-Read More →

305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies. Nothing in articles 301 and 303 shall affect the provisions of any existing lawRead More →

306. [Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to impose restrictions on trade and commerce.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)Read More →

307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304. Parliament may by law appoint such authority as it considers appropriateRead More →

PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I – SERVICES 308. Interpretation. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expressionRead More →

309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the appropriateRead More →

310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State. (1) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is aRead More →

311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State. (1) No person who is aRead More →

312. All-India services. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Chapter VI of Part VI or Part XI, if the Council of States has declared by resolution supportedRead More →

312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. (1) Parliament may by law- (a) vary or revoke,Read More →

313. Transitional provisions. Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution, all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of thisRead More →

314. Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services. Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972) Read Constitution ofRead More →

CHAPTER II – PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS 315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article,Read More →

316. Appointment and term of office of members. (1) The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the caseRead More →

317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. (1) Subject to the provisions of clause (3), the Chairman or any otherRead More →

318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. In the case of the Union Commission orRead More →

319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members – On ceasing to hold office- (a)Read More →

320. Functions of Public Service Commissions. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations forRead More →

321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. An Act made by Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of a StateRead More →

322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions. The expenses of the Union or a State Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to orRead More →

323. Reports of Public Service Commissions. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union Commission to present annually to the President a report asRead More →

PART XIVA TRIBUNALS 323A. Administrative tribunals. (1) Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints withRead More →

323B. Tribunals for other matters. (1) The appropriate Legislature may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by tribunals of any disputes, complaints, orRead More →

PART XV ELECTIONS 324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. (1) The superintendence, direction and control of theRead More →

325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race,Read More →

326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage. The electionsRead More →

327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may from time toRead More →

328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution andRead More →

329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation ofRead More →

329A. [Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s.Read More →

PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES 330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. (1)Read More →

332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (1) Seats shall be reserved for the ScheduledRead More →

333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Notwithstanding anything in article 170, the Governor of a State may, ifRead More →

335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts. The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled TribesRead More →

336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services. (1) During the first two years after the commencement of this Constitution, appointments of members ofRead More →

337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community. During the first three financial years after the commencement of thisRead More →

338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes. (1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for theRead More →

338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. (1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for theRead More →

339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. (1) The President may at any time andRead More →

340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. (1) The President may by order appoint a Commission consisting of such personsRead More →

341. Scheduled Castes. (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with theRead More →

342. Scheduled Tribes. (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with theRead More →

PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER I – LANGUAGE OF THE UNION 343. Official language of the Union. (1) The official language of the Union shallRead More →

344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language. (1) The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this ConstitutionRead More →

CHAPTER II – REGIONAL LANGUAGES 345. Official language or languages of a State. Subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the Legislature ofRead More →

346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union. The language for the time being authorised forRead More →

347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State. On a demand being made in that behalf theRead More →

CHAPTER III – LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC. 348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High CourtsRead More →

349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language. During the period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, no BillRead More →

CHAPTER IV – SPECIAL DIRECTIVES 350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. Every person shall be entitled to submit a representationRead More →

350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage. It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the StateRead More →

350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities. (1) There shall be a Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the President. (2) It shallRead More →

351. Directive for development of the Hindi language. It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, toRead More →

PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS Article 352. Proclamation of Emergency. (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of IndiaRead More →

353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, then- (a) notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the executive power of theRead More →

354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. (1) The President may, while a Proclamation ofRead More →

355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. It shall be the duty of the Union to protect everyRead More →

Article 356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. (1) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor ofRead More →

357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356. (1) Where by a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356, it hasRead More →

358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. (1) While a Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or any part ofRead More →

359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. (1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the PresidentRead More →

359A. [Application of this Part to the State of Punjab.] Rep. by the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6-1-1990) Read Constitution ofRead More →

Article 360. Provisions as to financial emergency. (1) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit ofRead More →

PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS 361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs. (1) The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not beRead More →

361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures. (1) No person shall be liable to any proceedings, civil or criminal, in anyRead More →

361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post. A member of a House belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a memberRead More →

362. Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States. Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2. Read Constitution of India in a systematicRead More →

363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to theRead More →

363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution or in any lawRead More →

364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by public notification direct that as fromRead More →

365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. Where any State has failed to comply with,Read More →

367. Interpretation. (1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the General Clauses Act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications that may be made thereinRead More →

PART XX – AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION 368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, ParliamentRead More →

PART XXI TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS 369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List asRead More →

370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the provisions of article 238 shallRead More →

371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. (1) *** (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by orderRead More →

371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of- (i)Read More →

371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made with respect to theRead More →

371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made with respect toRead More →

371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh. (1) The President may by order made with respect to the State of AndhraRead More →

371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh. Parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a University in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Read More →

371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shallRead More →

371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of- (i) religiousRead More →

371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh shall have specialRead More →

371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa shall consistRead More →

371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka. (1) The President may, by order made with respect to the State of Karnataka, provide forRead More →

372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation. (1) Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in article 395Read More →

372A. Power of the President to adapt laws. (1) For the purposes of bringing the provisions of any law in force in India or inRead More →

373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases. Until provision is made by Parliament under clauseRead More →

374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council. (1) The JudgesRead More →

375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution. All courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, allRead More →

376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts. (1) Notwithstanding anything in clause (2) of article 217, the Judges of a High Court in anyRead More →

377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. The Auditor- General of India holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unlessRead More →

378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions. (1) The members of the Public Service Commission for the Dominion of India holding office immediately before theRead More →

378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Notwithstanding anything contained in article 172, the Legislative Assembly of the State of AndhraRead More →

379.—391. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of IndiaRead More →

392. Power of the President to remove difficulties. (1) The President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the transitionRead More →

PART XXII SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS 393. Short title. This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India. Read ConstitutionRead More →

394. Commencement. This article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come intoRead More →

394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language. (1) The President shall cause to be published under his authority,- (a) the translation of this Constitution inRead More →

395. Repeals. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, butRead More →