Indian Constitution

334A. Reservation of seats for women take effect. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provision of this Part or Part VIII, the provisions of the Constitution relating to the reservation of seats for women in the House of theRead…

332A. Reservation of seats for women in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1) Seats shall be reserved for women in the Legislative Assembly of every State. (2) As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number ofRead…

330A. Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People. This Article has been added by the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act. (1) Seats shall be reserved for women in the House of the People. (2) As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number of seats reservedRead…

366. Definitions. In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say- (1) “agricultural income” means agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income-tax; (2) “an Anglo-Indian” means a person whoseRead…

342A. Socially and educationally backward classes. (Added by 102nd amendment in 2018) Here is the full 102nd Amendment Act PDF. Please give it a look. (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by publicRead…

338B. National Commission for Backward Classes. (This section has been added by 102nd amendment in 2018). Here is the full 102nd Amendment Act PDF. (83KB) Please give it a look. (1) There shall be a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as the National CommissionRead…

102. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament- (a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by ParliamentRead…

191. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State- (a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State specified inRead…

331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of the People. Notwithstanding anything in article 81, the President may, if he is of opinion that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented in the House of the People, nominate not more than two members of that community to theRead…

248. Residuary powers of legislation. (1) Subject to article 246A*, Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. (2) Such power shall include the power of making any law imposing a tax not mentioned in either ofRead…

161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. The Governor of a State shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of anyRead…

Article 72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.  (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence-Read…

334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period Old Heading: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy years Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, the provisions of this Constitution relating to- (a) the reservation of seats for the Scheduled CastesRead…

PART I THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY 1. Name and territory of the Union. (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. (2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule. (3) The territory of India shall comprise- (a) the territoriesRead…

2. Admission or establishment of new States. Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit. 2A. [Sikkim to be associated with the Union.] Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975) Read ConstitutionRead…

2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union. Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing  States. Parliament may by law- (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a partRead…

4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters. (1) Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as mayRead…

PART II CITIZENSHIP 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and- (a) who was born in the territory of India; or (b) either of whose parents was born in the territory ofRead…

6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of thisRead…

7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, a person who has after the first day of March, 1947, migrated from the territory of India to the territory now included in Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a citizen of India:Read…

8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grandparents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), and who is ordinarilyRead…

9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenshipRead…

10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship. Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoing provisions of this Part shall, subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen. Read ConstitutionRead…

11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship. Read Constitution of India inRead…

PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  General  12. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the controlRead…

13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. (1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.Read…

Right to Equality 14. Equality before law. The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste,Read…

16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence orRead…

17. Abolition of Untouchability. “Untouchability’’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

18. Abolition of titles. (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office ofRead…

Right to Freedom 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. (1) All citizens shall have the right- (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions or co-operative societies.* * ‘or co-operative societies’ added in 2011Read…

Article 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences. (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which mightRead…

Article 21. Protection of life and personal liberty. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Download Constitution of India PDF. Read Next: What Is Article 21 of the Indian Constitution? – ExplainedRead…

21A. Right to education. The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legalRead…

Right against Exploitation 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shallRead…

24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

Right to Freedom of Religion 25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise andRead…

26. Freedom to manage religious affairs. Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right- (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquireRead…

27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. Read Constitution of India inRead…

28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State butRead…

Cultural and Educational Rights 29. Protection of interests of minorities. (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. (2) No citizen shall be deniedRead…

30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution establishedRead…

31. Compulsory acquisition of property. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty- fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

Saving of Certain Laws 31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for- (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or (b)Read…

31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on theRead…

31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles. Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it isRead…

31D. Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s.2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

Right to Constitutional Remedies 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders orRead…

32A. Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,- (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the membersRead…

34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of anyRead…

35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws- (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3)Read…

PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY   36. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, ‘‘the State’’ has the same meaning as in Part III. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

37. Application of the principles contained in this Part. The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principlesRead…

38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. (1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all theRead…

39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing- (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of theRead…

39A. Equal justice and free legal aid. The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are notRead…

40. Organisation of village panchayats. The State shall take steps to organise village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. Read the Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download the Constitution of India PDF.Read…

41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, andRead…

42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

43. Living wage, etc, for workers. The State shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and socialRead…

43A. Participation of workers in management of industries. The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organisations engaged in any industry. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download ConstitutionRead…

Article 43B. Promotion of co-operative societies. The State shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. [Article 43B Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 3 (w.e.f. 15-2-2012)] Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of IndiaRead…

44. Uniform civil code for the citizens. The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children. The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. Read Constitution of India in a systematicRead…

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect themRead…

47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primaryRead…

48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. Read Constitution ofRead…

48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life. The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal,Read…

50. Separation of judiciary from executive. The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

51. Promotion of international peace and security. The State shall endeavour to- (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of internationalRead…

PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES 51A. Fundamental duties. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India- (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle forRead…

PART V THE UNION CHAPTER I – THE EXECUTIVE The President and Vice-President  52. The President of India. There shall be a President of India. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

53. Executive power of the Union. (1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.  (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the supremeRead…

54. Election of President. The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of- (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Explanation- In this article and in article 55, ‘‘State’’ includes theRead…

55. Manner of election of President. (1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States at the election of the President. (2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se as well as parity between the StatesRead…

56. Term of office of President. (1) The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that- (a) the President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Vice-President, resign his office; (b) the President may,Read…

57. Eligibility for re-election. A person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

58. Qualifications for election as President. (1) No person shall be eligible for election as President unless he- (a) is a citizen of India, (b) has completed the age of thirty-five years, and (c) is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People. (2) A personRead…

59. Conditions of President’s office. (1) The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President,Read…

60. Oath or affirmation by the President. Every President and every person acting as President or discharging the functions of the President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior-most Judge of the SupremeRead…

61. Procedure for impeachment of the President. (1) When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be preferred by either House of Parliament.  (2) No such charge shall be preferred unless- (a) the proposal to prefer such charge is contained in a resolutionRead…

62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy. (1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration ofRead…

63. The Vice-President of India. There shall be a Vice-President of India.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. The Vice- President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit: Provided that during any period when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges the functionsRead…

65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.  (1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise,Read…

66. Election of Vice-President. (1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall be byRead…

67. Term of office of Vice-President. The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that- (a) a Vice-President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office;  (b) a Vice-President may beRead…

68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy. (1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of Vice-President shall be completed before the expiration ofRead…

69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. Every Vice-President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say- “I, A.B., do swear in the name of GodRead…

70. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. Parliament may make such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President. (1) All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President or Vice-President shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme Court whose decision shall be final.  (2) IfRead…

73. Extent of executive power of the Union. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend- (a) to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws; and (b) to the exercise of such rights, authority and jurisdiction asRead…

Council of Ministers 74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice: Provided that theRead…

75. Other provisions as to Ministers. (1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.  (1A) The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall notRead…

The Attorney-General for India 76. Attorney-General for India. (1) The President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for India.  (2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India uponRead…

Conduct of Government Business  77. Conduct of business of the Government of India. (1) All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President.  (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall beRead…

78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister- (a) to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals forRead…

CHAPTER II – PARLIAMENT General  79. Constitution of Parliament. There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and the House of the People. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. DownloadRead…

80. Composition of the Council of States. (1) The Council of States shall consist of- (a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the provisions of clause (3); and (b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States and of the Union territories. Read…

81. Composition of the House of the People. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 331, the House of the People shall consist of- (a) not more than five hundred and thirty members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, and (b) not more than twenty membersRead…

82. Readjustment after each census. Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine:  ProvidedRead…

83. Duration of Houses of Parliament. (1) The Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalfRead…

84. Qualification for membership of Parliament. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he- (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according toRead…

85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. (1) The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its firstRead…

86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. (1) The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members.  (2) The President may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to aRead…

87. Special address by the President. (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform Parliament of theRead…

88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses. Every Minister and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may beRead…

Officers of Parliament  89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States. (1) The Vice-President of India shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.  (2) The Council of States shall, as soon as may be, choose a member of the Council to be Deputy ChairmanRead…

90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman. A member holding office as Deputy Chairman of the Council of States- (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council;  (b) may at any time, by writing under his handRead…

91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. (1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, or during any period when the Vice-President is acting as, or discharging the functions of, President, the duties of the officeRead…

92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sitting of the Council of States, while any resolution for the removal of the Vice-President from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while anyRead…

93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People. The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant,Read…

94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the House of the People- (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of the People;  (b) mayRead…

95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. (1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker isRead…

96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sitting of the House of the People, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or whileRead…

97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. There shall be paid to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States, and to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People, such salaries and allowancesRead…

98. Secretariat of Parliament. (1) Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament.  (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of service ofRead…

Conduct of Business  99. Oath or affirmation by members. Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose inRead…

100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of the Houses shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, otherRead…

Disqualifications of Members  101. Vacation of seats. (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or theRead…

103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of Article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President andRead…

104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified. If a person sits or votes as a member of either House of Parliament before he has complied with the requirements of article 99, or when he knows thatRead…

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members  105. Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of Parliament, there shall be freedom ofRead…

106. Salaries and allowances of members. Members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that respect is so made, allowances at such rates and upon such conditionsRead…

Legislative Procedure  107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 109 and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of Parliament.  (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 108 and 109, aRead…

108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. (1) If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House- (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made inRead…

109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States.  (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the House of the People it shall be transmitted to the Council of States for its recommendations and the CouncilRead…

110. Definition of “Money Bills”. (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely- (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;  (b) theRead…

Article 111. Assent to Bills. When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that the President may, as soon as possibleRead…

Procedure in Financial Matters  112. Annual financial statement. (1) The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to asRead…

113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates. (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in either House ofRead…

114. Appropriation Bills. (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have been made by the House of the People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet- (a) theRead…

115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants. (1) The President shall- (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes of that yearRead…

116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have power- (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year pending theRead…

117. Special provisions as to financial Bills. (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the President and a Bill making such provisionRead…

Procedure Generally  118. Rules of procedure. (1) Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business.  (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in force immediately beforeRead…

119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to any financial matter or to anyRead…

120. Language to be used in Parliament. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the House of the People, orRead…

121.Restriction on discussion in Parliament. No discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the removalRead…

122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament. (1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.  (2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under this Constitution forRead…

CHAPTER III – LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Article 123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament. (1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediateRead…

CHAPTER IV – THE UNION JUDICIARY 124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven other Judges.  (2) Every Judge of the SupremeRead…

124A. National Judicial Appointments Commission. (1) There shall be a Commission to be known as the National Judicial Appointments Commission consisting of the following, namely:- (a) the Chief Justice of India, Chairperson, ex officio; (b) two other senior Judges of the Supreme Court next to the Chief Justice of India––Read…

124B. Functions of Commission. It shall be the duty of the National Judicial Appointments Commission to- (a) recommend persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India, Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices of High Courts and other Judges of High Courts; (b) recommend transfer of Chief Justices and otherRead…

124C. Power of Parliament to make law. Parliament may, by law, regulate the procedure for the appointment of Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court and Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts and empower the Commission to lay down by regulations the procedure forRead…

125. Salaries, etc, of Judges. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule.  (2) Every Judge shall beRead…

126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice. When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the otherRead…

127. Appointment of ad hoc Judges. (1) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or continue any session of the Court, the National Judicial Appointments Commission on a reference made to it by the Chief Justice ofRead…

128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the National Judicial Appointments Commission* may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of theRead…

129. Supreme Court to be a court of record. The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

130. Seat of Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute- (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or (b) between the Government of India andRead…

131A. Exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to questions as to constitutional validity of Central laws. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 4 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the HighRead…

133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifiesRead…

134. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters. (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court- (a) has on appeal reversed anRead…

134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court. Every High Court, passing or making a judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to in clause (1) of article 132 or clause (1) of article 133, or clause (1) of article 134,- (a) may, if it deems fit so to do,Read…

135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the Supreme Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter to which the provisions of article 133 or article 134 do notRead…

136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in theRead…

137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court. Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.  Read Constitution of India in a systematicRead…

138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. (1) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer.  (2) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respectRead…

139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for any purposes other thanRead…

139A. Transfer of certain cases. (1) Where cases involving the same or substantially the same questions of law are pending before the Supreme Court and one or more High Courts or before two or more High Courts and the Supreme Court is satisfied on its own motion or on anRead…

140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court. Parliament may by law make provision for conferring upon the Supreme Court such supplemental powers not inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Constitution as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling the Court more effectively to exerciseRead…

141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts. The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. (1) The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and anyRead…

143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court. (1) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain theRead…

144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court. All authorities, civil and judicial, in the territory of India shall act in aid of the Supreme Court.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

144A. [Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of laws.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 5 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

145. Rules of Court, etc. (1) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the Supreme Court may from time to time, with the approval of the President, make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court including- (a) rules as to the persons practisingRead…

146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court. (1) Appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of India or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct:  Provided that the President may by ruleRead…

147. Interpretation. In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI, references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution shall be construed as including references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Government of India Act, 1935 (includingRead…

CHAPTER V – COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA 148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. (1) There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of India who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal and shall only be removed from office in like manner and onRead…

149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and of the States and of any other authority or body as may be prescribed by or under any law madeRead…

150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, prescribe.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. DownloadRead…

151. Audit reports. (1) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.  (2) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating toRead…

PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER I – GENERAL 152. Definition. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

CHAPTER II – THE EXECUTIVE The Governor 153. Governors of States. There shall be a Governor for each State: Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States. Read the Constitution of India in a systematic way. DownloadRead…

154. Executive power of State. (1) The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. (2) Nothing in this article shall- (a) be deemed to transfer to theRead…

155. Appointment of Governor. The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

156. Term of office of Governor. (1) The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. (2) The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office. (3) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this article, a Governor shall hold office for aRead…

157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor. No person shall be eligible for appointment as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has completed the age of thirty-five years. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

158. Conditions of Governor’s office. (1) The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State specified in the First Schedule, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any such StateRead…

159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor. Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State, or, in his absence, theRead…

160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies. The President may make such provision as he thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the Governor of a State in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way.Read…

162. Extent of executive power of State. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws: Provided that in any matter with respect to which the LegislatureRead…

Council of Ministers 163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under thisRead…

164. Other provisions as to Ministers. (1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor: Provided that in the StatesRead…

The Advocate-General for the State 165. Advocate-General for the State. (1) The Governor of each State shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of a High Court to be Advocate-General for the State. (2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General to give adviceRead…

Conduct of Government Business 166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State. (1) All executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Governor. (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the GovernorRead…

167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc. It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State- (a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs ofRead…

General  168. Constitution of Legislatures in States. (1) For every State there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and- (a) in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses; (b) in other States, one House. (2) Where there are two Houses of theRead…

169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, ifRead…

170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty, members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the State. (2) For the purposes of clauseRead…

171. Composition of the Legislative Councils. (1) The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State: Provided that the total number of members in theRead…

172. Duration of State Legislatures. (1) Every Legislative Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the Assembly: ProvidedRead…

173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature. A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he- (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election CommissionRead…

174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution. (1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each House of the Legislature of the State to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting inRead…

175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. (1) The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, either House of the Legislature of the State, or both Houses assembled together, and may for thatRead…

176. Special address by the Governor. (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the first session of each year, the Governor shall address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a LegislativeRead…

177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a LegislativeRead…

Officers of the State Legislature 178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Every Legislative Assembly of a State shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker orRead…

179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly- (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly; (b) may at any time by writing underRead…

180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. (1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker isRead…

181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolutionRead…

182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council of every State having such Council shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Council to be respectively Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Chairman or Deputy ChairmanRead…

183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. A member holding office as Chairman or Deputy Chairman of a Legislative Council- (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council; (b) may at any time by writingRead…

184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. (1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Chairman or, if the office of Deputy Chairman isRead…

185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. (1) At any sitting of the Legislative Council, while any resolution for the removal of the Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any resolutionRead…

186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council, such salaries and allowances as may beRead…

187. Secretariat of State Legislature. (1) The House or each House of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall, in the case of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council, be construed as preventing the creation ofRead…

Conduct of Business 188. Oath or affirmation by members. Every member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the Governor, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the formRead…

189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, otherRead…

Disqualifications of Members  190. Vacation of seats. (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of the Legislature of a State and provision shall be made by the Legislature of the State by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both HousesRead…

192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of Article 191, the question shall be referred for theRead…

193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified. If a person sits or votes as a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State before he has complied with the requirements of articleRead…

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 194. Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of the Legislature, there shall beRead…

195. Salaries and allowances of members. Members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined, by the Legislature of the State by law and, until provision in that respect isRead…

Legislative Procedure  196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a Legislative Council. (2) SubjectRead…

197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills. (1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council- (a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or (b) moreRead…

198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council. (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative Council for its recommendations,Read…

199. Definition of “Money Bills”. (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely- (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax; (b) theRead…

200. Assent to Bills. When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the GovernorRead…

201. Bills reserved for consideration. When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, the President may directRead…

Procedure in Financial Matters 202. Annual financial statement. (1) The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for that year, in this PartRead…

203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates. (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion inRead…

204. Appropriation Bills. (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet- (a) the grants soRead…

205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants. (1) The Governor shall- (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes of that yearRead…

206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have power- (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year pendingRead…

207. Special provisions as to financial Bills. (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making such provisionRead…

Procedure Generally  208. Rules of procedure. (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing ordersRead…

209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses ofRead…

210. Language to be used in the Legislature. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English: Provided that theRead…

211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. DownloadRead…

212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature. (1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. (2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whomRead…

CHAPTER IV – LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR 213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. (1) If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where there is a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses ofRead…

CHAPTER V – THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES 214. High Courts for States. There shall be a High Court for each State. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

215. High Courts to be courts of record. Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

216. Constitution of High Courts. Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. (1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A*, and shallRead…

218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts. The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High Court for referencesRead…

219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts. Every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation accordingRead…

220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge. No person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the other HighRead…

221. Salaries, etc, of Judges. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule. (2) Every Judge shall beRead…

222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. (1) The President may, on the recommendation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission referred to in article 124A*, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. (2) When a Judge has been or is soRead…

223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice. When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such oneRead…

224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges. (1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time beingRead…

224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the National Judicial Appointments Commission on a reference made to it by the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State, may with the previous consent of the President*, request any person who hasRead…

225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing High Court, and theRead…

226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories directions, orders orRead…

226A. Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 226. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 8 (w.e.f. 13-4- 1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court. (1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the High Court may- (a) call forRead…

228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court. If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, itRead…

228A. Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of State laws. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 10 (w.e.f. 13-4- 1978) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts. (1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that the Governor of the StateRead…

230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory. (2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a UnionRead…

231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory. (2) In relationRead…

232. Article 232 omitted in 1956 Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

CHAPTER VI – SUBORDINATE COURTS 233. Appointment of district judges. (1) Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State. (2)Read…

233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges. Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,- (a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of any person who has been for not less than seven yearsRead…

234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service. Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after consultation with the StateRead…

235. Control over subordinate courts. The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested inRead…

236. Interpretation. In this Chapter- (a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge; (b) theRead…

237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates. The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be fixed by him in that behalf applyRead…

PART VII 238. REPEALED [The States in Part B of the First Schedule] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. with effect from 1-11-1956.] Extra Read- Source- Surya Narayana Murthy Mandavilli’s answer on Quora. First of all lets understand that the article 238 of Indian ConstitutionRead…

PART VIII THE UNION TERRITORIES 239. Administration of Union territories. (1) Save as otherwise provided by Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such designation as he mayRead…

239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of Pondicherry- (a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a Legislature for the Union territory, or (b) aRead…

239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi. (1) As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereofRead…

239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied- (a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions ofRead…

239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. (1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory of Pondicherry is in session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgateRead…

240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories. (1) The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union territory of- (a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; (b) Lakshadweep; (c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli; (d) Daman and Diu; (e) Pondicherry: Provided thatRead…

241. High Courts for Union territories. (1) Parliament may by law constitute a High Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution. (2) The provisions of Chapter V of PartRead…

242. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.  Read…

PART IX THE PANCHAYATS 243. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “district” means a district in a State; (b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level; (c)Read…

243A. Gram Sabha. A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

243B. Constitution of Panchayats. (1) There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in accordance with the provisions of this Part. (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), Panchayats at the intermediate level may not be constituted in a State having a population notRead…

243C. Composition of Panchayats. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the composition of Panchayats: Provided that the ratio between the population of the territorial area of a Panchayat at any level and the number ofRead…

243D. Reservation of seats. (1) Seats shall be reserved for- (a) the Scheduled Castes; and (b) the Scheduled Tribes, in every Panchayat and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by directRead…

243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc. (1) Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer. (2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall haveRead…

243F. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat- (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the StateRead…

243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law may contain provisions forRead…

243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats. The Legislature of a State may, by law,- (a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits; (b) assign to a Panchayat suchRead…

243-I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position. (1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review theRead…

243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

243L. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239Read…

243M. Part not to apply to certain areas. (1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2), of article 244. (2) Nothing in this Part shall apply to- (a) the States of Nagaland, MeghalayaRead…

243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be inRead…

243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 243K, shall not be called in question inRead…

PART IXA THE MUNICIPALITIES 243P. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “Committee” means a Committee constituted under article 243S; (b) “district” means a district in a State; (c) “Metropolitan area” means an area having a population of ten lakhs or more, comprised in one or moreRead…

243Q. Constitution of Municipalities. (1) There shall be constituted in every State,- (a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever name called) for a transitional area, that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area; (b) a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; andRead…

243R. Composition of Municipalities. (1) Save as provided in clause (2), all the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies in the Municipal area and for this purpose each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be knownRead…

243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. (1) There shall be constituted Wards Committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more. (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to-Read…

243T. Reservation of seats. (1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election inRead…

243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc. (1) Every Municipality, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer: Provided that a Municipality shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard beforeRead…

243V. Disqualifications for membership. (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Municipality- (a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the StateRead…

243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow- (a) the Municipalities with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law may containRead…

243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities. The Legislature of a State may, by law,- (a) authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits; (b) assign to a Municipality suchRead…

243Y. Finance Commission. (1) The Finance Commission constituted under article 243-I shall also review the financial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor as to- (a) the principles which should govern- (i) the distribution between the State and the Municipalities of the net proceeds of the taxes,Read…

243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities. (1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission referred to in article 243K. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the LegislatureRead…

243ZB. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239Read…

243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas. (1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2), of article 244. (2) Nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and powersRead…

243ZD. Committee for district planning. (1) There shall be constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole. (2) TheRead…

243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning. (1) There shall be constituted in every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole. (2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to- (a) the composition of theRead…

243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to Municipalities in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be inRead…

243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 243ZA shall not be called in question inRead…

PART IXB THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES 243ZH. Definitions. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) “authorised person” means a person referred to as in article 243ZQ; (b) “board” means the board of directors or the governing body of a co-operative society, by whatever name called, to which the directs and controlRead…

243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies. Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies based on the principles of voluntary formation, democratic member-control, member-economic participation and autonomous functioning. Read ConstitutionRead…

243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its office bearers. (1) The board shall consist of such number of directors as may be provided by the Legislature of a State, by law: Provided that the maximum number of directors of a co-operative society shall not exceed twenty-one: ProvidedRead…

243ZK. Election of members of board. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law made by the Legislature of a State, the election of a board shall be conducted before the expiry of the term of the board so as to ensure that the newly elected members of the board assumeRead…

243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, no board shall be superseded or kept under suspension for a period exceeding six months: Provided that the board may be superseded or kept under suspension in case-Read…

243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the co-operative societies and the auditing of such accounts at least once in each financial year. (2) The Legislature of a State shall, by law,Read…

243ZN. Convening of general body meetings. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions that the annual general body meeting of every co-operative society shall be convened within a period of six months of close of the financial year to transact the business as may be provided inRead…

243ZO. Right of a member to get information. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for access to every member of a co-operative society to the books, information and accounts of the co-operative society kept in regular transaction of its business with such member. (2) The LegislatureRead…

243ZP. Returns. Every co-operative society shall file returns, within six months of the close of every financial year, to the authority designated by the State Government including the following matters, namely- (a) annual report of its activities; (b) its audited statement of accounts; (c) plan for surplus disposal as approvedRead…

243ZQ. Offences and penalties. (1) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions for the offences relating to the co-operative societies and penalties for such offences. (2) A law made by the Legislature of a State under clause (1) shall include the commission of the following act or omissionRead…

243ZR. Application to multi- State co-operative societies. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the multi-State co-operative societies subject to the modification that any reference to “Legislature of a State”, “State Act” or “State Government” shall be construed as a reference to “Parliament”, “Central Act” or “the Central Government”Read…

243ZS. Application to Union territories. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, having no Legislative Assembly as if the references to the Legislature of a State were a reference to the administrator thereof appointed under article 239Read…

243ZT. Continuance of existing laws. Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any provision of any law relating to co-operative societies in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in forceRead…

PART X THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS 244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and tribal areas. (1) The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. (2)Read…

244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law, form within the State of Assam an autonomous State comprising (whether wholly or in part) allRead…

PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I – LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS Distribution of Legislative Powers 245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part ofRead…

246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. (1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses (2) and (3), Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as theRead…

ARTICLE 246A OF CONSTITUTION. Special provision with respect to goods and services tax. [Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 2 (w.e.f. 16-9-2016)] Here is the full 101st Amendment Act PDF. (97KB) Please see this once. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in articles 246 and 254, Parliament,Read…

247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament may by law provide for the establishment of any additional courts for the better administration of laws made by Parliament or of any existing laws with respect to a matter enumeratedRead…

249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, if the Council of States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and votingRead…

250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament shall, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, have power to make laws for the whole or any partRead…

251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. Nothing in articles 249 and 250 shall restrict the power of the Legislature of a State to make any law which under this Constitution it has power to make, butRead…

252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. (1) If it appears to the Legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the matters with respect to which Parliament has no powerRead…

253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or anyRead…

254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. (1) If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provisionRead…

255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only. No Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of a State, and no provision in any such Act, shall be invalid by reason only that some recommendation or previous sanction required by this ConstitutionRead…

CHAPTER II – ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS General 256. Obligation of States and the Union. The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament and any existing laws which apply in that State, and the executive power of the Union shallRead…

257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases. (1) The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union, and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of suchRead…

257A. Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union. Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 33 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc, on States in certain cases. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, with the consent of the Government of a State, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any matterRead…

258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor of a State may, with the consent of the Government of India, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any matter to whichRead…

259. Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India. The Government of India may by agreement with the Government of any territory not being part of the territory of India undertake any executive, legislative or judicial functions vested in the Government of such territory, but every such agreementRead…

261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings. (1) Full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every State. (2) The manner in which and the conditions under which the acts, records and proceedings referredRead…

Disputes relating to Waters 262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. (1) Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or riverRead…

Co-ordination between States 263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council. If at any time it appears to the President that the public interests would be served by the establishment of a Council charged with the duty of- (a) inquiring into and advising upon disputes which may have arisen betweenRead…

264. Interpretation. In this Part, “Finance Commission” means a Finance Commission constituted under article 280. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law. No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. (1) Subject to the provisions of article 267 and to the provisions of this Chapter with respect to the assignment of the whole or part of the net proceeds of certain taxes and duties to States, all revenuesRead…

267. Contingency Fund. (1) Parliament may by law establish a Contingency Fund in the nature of an imprest to be entitled “the Contingency Fund of India” into which shall be paid from time to time such sums as may be determined by such law, and the said Fund shall beRead…

Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States 268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States. (1) Such stamp duties as are mentioned in the Union List shall be levied by the Government of India but shall be collected- (a) in the case whereRead…

268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States. 268A Omitted in 2016 by 101st Amendment Act. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. (1) Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods and taxes on the consignment of goods except as provided in article 269A shall be levied and collected by the Government of India but shall be assigned andRead…

Article 269A of Constitution. Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of Inter-State trade or commerce. Inserted by 101st Amendment Act in 2016. Here is the full 101st Amendment Act PDF. (97KB) Please see this once. (1) Goods and services tax on supplies in the course ofRead…

270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. (1) All taxes and duties referred to in the Union List, except the duties and taxes referred to in articles 268, 269 and 269A, respectively, surcharge on taxes and duties referred to in article 271 and any cess leviedRead…

271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union. Notwithstanding anything in articles 269 and 270, Parliament may at any time increase any of the duties or taxes referred to in those articles except the goods and services tax under article 246A by a surcharge for purposesRead…

272. [Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States.] Rep. by the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000, s .4. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. (1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in each year as grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States of Assam, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal, in lieu of assignment of any share of theRead…

274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested. (1) No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies any tax or duty in which States are interested, or which varies the meaning of the expression “agricultural income” as defined for the purposes of theRead…

275. Grants from the Union to certain States. (1) Such sums as Parliament may by law provide shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in each year as grants-in-aid of the revenues of such States as Parliament may determine to be in need of assistance, and different sumsRead…

276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 246, no law of the Legislature of a State relating to taxes for the benefit of the State or of a municipality, district board, local board or other local authority therein in respect of professions, trades, callingsRead…

277. Savings. Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, were being lawfully levied by the Government of any State or by any municipality or other local authority or body for the purposes of the State, municipality, district or other local area may, notwithstandingRead…

278. [Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard to certain financial matters.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

279. Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. (1) In the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, “net proceeds” means in relation to any tax or duty the proceeds thereof reduced by the cost of collection, and for the purposes of those provisions the net proceeds of any tax or duty, or ofRead…

279A. Goods and Services Tax Council. [1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 12 (w.e.f. 12-9-2016)] Here is the full 101st Amendment Act PDF. (97KB) Please see this once. (1) The President shall, within sixty days from the date of commencement of the ConstitutionRead…

280. Finance Commission. (1) The President shall, within two years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President considers necessary, by order constitute a Finance Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and four otherRead…

281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission. The President shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the provisions of this Constitution together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way.Read…

Miscellaneous Financial Provisions 282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues. The Union or a State may make any grants for any public purpose, notwithstanding that the purpose is not one with respect to which Parliament or the Legislature of the State, as the caseRead…

283. Custody, etc, of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts. (1) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India and the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of moneys into such Funds, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of public moneys other than thoseRead…

284. Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. All moneys received by or deposited with- (a) any officer employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State in his capacity as such, other than revenues or public moneys raised orRead…

285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. (1) The property of the Union shall, save in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise provide, be exempt from all taxes imposed by a State or by any authority within a State. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall,Read…

286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. (1) No law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a tax on the supply of goods or of services or both, where such supply takes place*– (a) outside the State; or (b)Read…

287. Exemption from taxes on electricity. Save in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise provide, no law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a tax on the consumption or sale of electricity (whether produced by a Government or other persons) which is- (a) consumedRead…

288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases. (1) Save in so far as the President may by order otherwise provide, no law of a State in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, aRead…

289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation. (1) The property and income of a State shall be exempt from Union taxation. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent the Union from imposing, or authorising the imposition of, any tax to such extent, if any, asRead…

290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions. Where under the provisions of this Constitution the expenses of any court or Commission, or the pension payable to or in respect of a person who has served before the commencement of this Constitution under the Crown in India or afterRead…

290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds. A sum of forty-six lakhs and fifty thousand rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of the State of Kerala every year to the Travancore Devaswom Fund; and a sum of thirteen lakhs and fifty thousand rupees shallRead…

291. [Privy purse sums of Rulers.] Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 197l, s. 2. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

CHAPTER II – BORROWING 292. Borrowing by the Government of India. The executive power of the Union extends to borrowing upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of India within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by Parliament by law and to the givingRead…

293. Borrowing by States. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed byRead…

CHAPTER III – PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS 294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. As from the commencement of this Constitution- (a) all property and assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in His Majesty for the purposes of the GovernmentRead…

295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. (1) As from the commencement of this Constitution- (a) all property and assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in any Indian State corresponding to a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule shall vestRead…

296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia. Subject as hereinafter provided, any property in the territory of India which, if this Constitution had not come into operation, would have accrued to His Majesty or, as the case may be, to the Ruler of an Indian StateRead…

297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union. (1) All lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters, or the continental shelf, or the exclusive economic zone, of India shall vestRead…

298. Power to carry on trade, etc. The executive power of the Union and of each State shall extend to the carrying on of any trade or business and to the acquisition, holding and disposal of property and the making of contracts for any purpose: Provided that- (a) the saidRead…

299. Contracts. (1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union or of a State shall be expressed to be made by the President, or by the Governor of the State, as the case may be, and all such contracts and all assurances of propertyRead…

300. Suits and proceedings. (1) The Government of India may sue or be sued by the name of the Union of India and the Government of a State may sue or be sued by the name of the State and may, subject to any provisions which may be made byRead…

CHAPTER IV – RIGHT TO PROPERTY 300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law. No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

PART XIII TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA 301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse. Subject to the other provisions of this Part, trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of IndiaRead…

302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse. Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest. ReadRead…

303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. (1) Notwithstanding anything in article 302, neither Parliament nor the Legislature of a State shall have power to make any law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference to oneRead…

304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States. Notwithstanding anything in article 301 or article 303, the Legislature of a State may by law- (a) impose on goods imported from other States or the Union territories any tax to which similar goods manufactured or produced in that State areRead…

305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies. Nothing in articles 301 and 303 shall affect the provisions of any existing law except in so far as the President may by order otherwise direct; and nothing in article 301 shall affect the operation of any law madeRead…

306. [Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to impose restrictions on trade and commerce.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304. Parliament may by law appoint such authority as it considers appropriate for carrying out the purposes of articles 301, 302, 303 and 304, and confer on the authority so appointed such powers and such duties asRead…

PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I – SERVICES 308. Interpretation. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the UnionRead…

310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State. (1) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an all-India service or holds any post connected with defenceRead…

311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State. (1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post underRead…

312. All-India services. (1) Notwithstanding anything in Chapter VI of Part VI or Part XI, if the Council of States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest so to do, ParliamentRead…

312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. (1) Parliament may by law- (a) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the conditions of services as respects remuneration, leave and pension and the rights as respects disciplinary matters of persons who, havingRead…

313. Transitional provisions. Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution, all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution, as an all-India service orRead…

314. Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services. Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

CHAPTER II – PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS 315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. (1) Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State. (2) Two or more States may agreeRead…

316. Appointment and term of office of members. (1) The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in the case of a State Commission, by the Governor of the State:Read…

317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. (1) Subject to the provisions of clause (3), the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after theRead…

318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. In the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, the President and, in the case of a State Commission, the Governor of the State may by regulations- (a) determine the numberRead…

319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members – On ceasing to hold office- (a) the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be ineligible for further employment either under the Government of India or under the Government ofRead…

320. Functions of Public Service Commissions. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively. (2) It shall also be the duty of the Union PublicRead…

321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. An Act made by Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of a State may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission as respects the services ofRead…

322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions. The expenses of the Union or a State Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or, as the case may be,Read…

323. Reports of Public Service Commissions. (1) It shall be the duty of the Union Commission to present annually to the President a report as to the work done by the Commission and on receipt of such report the President shall cause a copy thereof together with a memorandum explaining,Read…

PART XIVA TRIBUNALS 323A. Administrative tribunals. (1) Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or ofRead…

323B. Tribunals for other matters. (1) The appropriate Legislature may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by tribunals of any disputes, complaints, or offences with respect to all or any of the matters specified in clause (2) with respect to which such Legislature has power to make laws.Read…

PART XV ELECTIONS 324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. (1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections toRead…

325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. There shall be one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency for election to either House of Parliament or to the HouseRead…

326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage. The elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage; that is toRead…

327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to either House of Parliament or to theRead…

328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and in so far as provision in that behalf is not made by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may from time to time by lawRead…

329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution- (a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 327 or article 328, shall not be calledRead…

329A. [Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 36 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES 330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. (1) Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for- (a) the Scheduled Castes; (b) the Scheduled Tribes except the Scheduled Tribes in theRead…

332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, except the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam, in the Legislative Assembly of every State. (2) Seats shallRead…

333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Notwithstanding anything in article 170, the Governor of a State may, if he is of opinion that the Anglo-Indian community needs representation in the Legislative Assembly of the State and is not adequately represented therein, nominate oneRead…

335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts. The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection withRead…

336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services. (1) During the first two years after the commencement of this Constitution, appointments of members of the Anglo-Indian community to posts in the railway, customs, postal and telegraph services of the Union shall be made on the same basis as immediatelyRead…

337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community. During the first three financial years after the commencement of this Constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be made by the Union and by each State for the benefit of the Anglo- Indian community inRead…

338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes. (1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes. (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice- ChairpersonRead…

338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. (1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes. (2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson andRead…

339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. (1) The President may at any time and shall, at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution by order appoint a Commission to report on the administration of theRead…

340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. (1) The President may by order appoint a Commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of India and the difficulties under which theyRead…

341. Scheduled Castes. (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for theRead…

342. Scheduled Tribes. (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for theRead…

PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CHAPTER I – LANGUAGE OF THE UNION 343. Official language of the Union. (1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form ofRead…

344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language. (1) The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and such otherRead…

CHAPTER II – REGIONAL LANGUAGES 345. Official language or languages of a State. Subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languagesRead…

346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union. The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication between one State and another State and between a State andRead…

347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State. On a demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by themRead…

CHAPTER III – LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC. 348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, until Parliament by law otherwise provides- (a) all proceedings inRead…

349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language. During the period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, no Bill or amendment making provision for the language to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in clause (1) of article 348 shall be introducedRead…

CHAPTER IV – SPECIAL DIRECTIVES 350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. Every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in theRead…

350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage. It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups; and the PresidentRead…

350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities. (1) There shall be a Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the President. (2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under this Constitution and report toRead…

351. Directive for development of the Hindi language. It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secureRead…

PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS Article 352. Proclamation of Emergency. (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by Proclamation, make aRead…

353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, then- (a) notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to any State as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be exercised;Read…

354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. (1) The President may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, by order direct that all or any of the provisions of articles 268 to 279 shall for such period, not extendingRead…

355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions ofRead…

Article 356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. (1) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor of a State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance withRead…

357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356. (1) Where by a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356, it has been declared that the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament, it shall be competent-Read…

358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. (1) While a Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression is in operation, nothing in article 19 shall restrict the power of the StateRead…

359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. (1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part III (except articlesRead…

359A. [Application of this Part to the State of Punjab.] Rep. by the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6-1-1990) Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

Article 360. Provisions as to financial emergency. (1) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation make a declaration to that effect. (2) A ProclamationRead…

PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS 361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs. (1) The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act done or purporting toRead…

361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures. (1) No person shall be liable to any proceedings, civil or criminal, in any court in respect of the publication in a newspaper of a substantially true report of any proceedings of either House of Parliament or the LegislativeRead…

361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post. A member of a House belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a member of the House under paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to hold any remunerative political post for duration of the periodRead…

362. Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States. Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to the provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of aRead…

363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution or in any law for the time being in force- (a) the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment)Read…

364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by public notification direct that as from such date as may be specified in the notification- (a) any law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State shall not applyRead…

365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. Where any State has failed to comply with, or to give effect to, any directions given in the exercise of the executive power of the Union under any of the provisions of thisRead…

367. Interpretation. (1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the General Clauses Act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, apply for the interpretation of this Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an Act of the Legislature of the DominionRead…

PART XX – AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION 368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedureRead…

PART XXI TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS 369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament shall, during a period of five years from the commencement ofRead…

370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir;  (b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall beRead…

371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. (1) *** (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by order made with respect to the State of Maharashtra or Gujarat, provide for any special responsibility of the Governor for- (a) the establishment of separate developmentRead…

371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of- (i) religious or social practices of the Nagas, (ii) Naga customary law and procedure, (iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to NagaRead…

371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made with respect to the State of Assam, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting of members of that AssemblyRead…

371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made with respect to the State of Manipur, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting of members of thatRead…

371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh. (1) The President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh provide, having regard to the requirements of the State as a whole, for equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging to different partsRead…

371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh. Parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a University in the State of Andhra Pradesh.  Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall consist of not less than thirty members;  (b) as from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975 (hereafter in this articleRead…

371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) no Act of Parliament in respect of- (i) religious or social practices of the Mizos, (ii) Mizo customary law and procedure, (iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law,Read…

371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,- (a) the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh shall have special responsibility with respect to law and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto, the GovernorRead…

371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa shall consist of not less than thirty members. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka. (1) The President may, by order made with respect to the State of Karnataka, provide for any special responsibility of the Government for- (a) establishment of a separate development board for Hyderabad-Karnataka region with the provision that a report on theRead…

372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation. (1) Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in article 395 but subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, all the law in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of thisRead…

372A. Power of the President to adapt laws. (1) For the purposes of bringing the provisions of any law in force in India or in any part thereof, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, into accord with the provisions of this Constitution as amended byRead…

373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases. Until provision is made by Parliament under clause (7) of article 22, or until the expiration of one year from the commencement of this Constitution, whichever is earlier, the said article shall haveRead…

374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council. (1) The Judges of the Federal Court holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the JudgesRead…

375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution. All courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers, judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of India, shall continue to exercise their respective functions subject to the provisions ofRead…

376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts. (1) Notwithstanding anything in clause (2) of article 217, the Judges of a High Court in any Province holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the HighRead…

377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. The Auditor- General of India holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless he has elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and shall thereupon be entitled to such salaries and to suchRead…

378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions. (1) The members of the Public Service Commission for the Dominion of India holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the Public Service Commission for the Union andRead…

378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Notwithstanding anything contained in article 172, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Andhra Pradesh as constituted under the provisions of sections 28 and 29 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue for a periodRead…

379.—391. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

392. Power of the President to remove difficulties. (1) The President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the transition from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, to the provisions of this Constitution, by order direct that this Constitution shall, during suchRead…

PART XXII SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS 393. Short title. This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of India PDF.Read…

394. Commencement. This article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of this Constitution shall come into force on the twenty-sixth day of January, 1950, which day is referredRead…

394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language. (1) The President shall cause to be published under his authority,- (a) the translation of this Constitution in the Hindi language, signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly, with such modifications as may be necessary to bring it in conformity with theRead…

395. Repeals. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, but not including the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949, are hereby repealed. Read Constitution of India in a systematic way. Download Constitution of IndiaRead…